Illustrations

Figures

1.1. La Quemada: “La Ciudadela,” or the “Citadel”

1.2. La Quemada: Hall of Columns

1.3. La Quemada: Votive Temple

2.1. Exterior: Capilla of Tlacuitlapan

2.2. Nahuatl and Spanish membership list, confraternity of the Santa Vera Cruz, Zacatecas, 1643

3.1. “Descripción de la Muy Noble y muy Leal Ciudad,” by Joaquín de Sotomayor

4.1. Ethnoracial residential patterns, El Pedregoso, Zacatecas, 1633

4.2. Santa Niño de Atocha shrine, Mina del Eden, Zacatecas

5.1. Jurisdictional designation of the Indian towns within cuarteles mayores and cuarteles menores, Zacatecas, 1799

5.2. Zacatecas and its Indian towns in 1799, by Bernardo Portugal

C.1. Zacatecas: Historic center

C.2. Chapel of El Niño

C.3. Facade: Temple of San Diego

C.4. Ex-voto to the Virgin of Solitude of Chepinque, dated 1832

Maps

I.1. New Spain’s northern silver mining district, c. 1650

1.1. Zacatecas and its Indian towns

Tables

2.1. Indigenous confraternities, Tlacuitlapan, Zacatecas

2.2. Indigenous confraternities, southern communities, Zacatecas

3.1. Comparative population of Zacatecas by racial categories, 1572–1608

3.2. Ethnic identity of indigenous alcaldes, San Francisco (Tlacuitlapan), Zacatecas, 1611–1617

3.3. Town structure of Tlacuitlapan, Zacatecas, 1686–1728

3.4. Rotation of indigenous cabildo elections, Tlacuitlapan, Zacatecas, 1709–1728

3.5. Evolution of indigenous towns in southern Zacatecas, 1650–1736

3.6. Rotation of indigenous cabildo elections in Tonalá Chepinque, Zacatecas, 1675–1688

3.7. Voting order and qualifications, alcalde elections, Tlacuitlapan, 1691

3.8. Repeat alcaldes in Tlacuitlapan, Zacatecas, 1610–1700

3.9. Repeat alcaldes in Tonalá Chepinque, Zacatecas, 1610–1700

4.1. Civil status of adult population, San Josef, Zacatecas, 1671

4.2. Ethnic identity of household composition of hacienda of Cristóbal Ramírez, Zacatecas, 1656

4.3. Number and age of children, San Josef, Zacatecas, 1671

4.4. Ethnic composition of hacienda of Pedro Ruiz de Quiroga, Zacatecas, 1656

4.5. Ethnic composition of huerta of Juan Duarte, Zacatecas, 1656

4.6. Ethnic composition, household of the alguacil mayor, Joseph de Villareal, Zacatecas, 1671, house 338

4.7. Ethnic composition of the household of the factor, Roque de Arellano, Zacatecas, 1671, house 106

4.8. Population, Zacatecas, 1667–1739

4.9. Number of marriage petitions, Indians, blacks, and castas, Zacatecas, 1681–1740

4.10. Extant population counts of Indian towns, Zacatecas, 1671–1741

4.11. Province of origin of male Indian migrants, Zacatecas, 1681–1690

4.12. Endogamy rates in the Indian population, Zacatecas, 1681–1740

5.1. Population of Zacatecas by ethnic categories, 1754

5.2. Number of male and female migrant petitioners, Tonalá Chepinque and El Niño, 1731–1780

5.3. Number of adult and child migrants, male and female petitioners, Tonalá Chepinque and El Niño, 1731–1780

5.4. Origin of male and female migrant petitioners, Tonalá Chepinque and El Niño, 1731–1780

5.5. Composition of marriage petitioner population, 1771–1780

5.6. Nonmining jobs of Indian and mulatto witnesses, Zacatecas, 1775–1777

5.7. Age of female migrations at time of petition, Zacatecas, 1771–1780

5.8. Number of women from marriage petitions residing in haciendas, Zacatecas, 1771–1780

5.9. Mining occupations cited by male indigenous witnesses, Zacatecas, 1775–1777

5.10. Number of male indigenous and mulatto marriage petition witnesses in mining occupations, Zacatecas, 1775–1777

5.11. Ethnic composition of hacienda workers, Zacatecas, 1781

5.12. Ethnic composition of four mining haciendas, Zacatecas, 1781

5.13. Haciendas, barrios, and ranches in Zacatecas under the jurisdiction of the parish of Tlacuitlapan, c. 1750–1772

5.14. Vecino status of indigenous marriage petitioners, Zacatecas, 1775–1777

5.15. Extant population of Indian towns, Zacatecas, 1741–1783

5.16. Endogamy rates in three Indian towns, Zacatecas

5.17. Migrant and criollo status of female and male indigenous petitioners, Zacatecas, 1771–1780

5.18. Originario status of female and male indigenous migrant petitioners, Zacatecas, 1771–1780

5.19. Citywide population, Zacatecas, 1732–1805